Extended reading - SMES considerations

Introduction

1. An engineer needs to understand that resources are not infinite, and that the implications of manufacturing decisions (whether in terms of materials, or manufacturing processes) will have a lasting impact on both the planet and those inhabiting it.
2. Additional information on Social, Moral, Environmental and Sustainability issues can be found here.

Social - Impact on people

1. Questions that ask you to comment on or evaluate the social impact of an idea are asking you to consider the impact that the product/idea has on individual people, or groups of people. Generally, products will have both positive and negative impacts, which you'll need to consider. E.g. 2018 Practice Paper 2, Q1: Critically examine the social, moral and ethical considerations of developing countries being given access to the use of 3D printing for the production of prosthetic limbs for those affected in their communities. (14 marks)
2. You might say things such as:
   1. Having a prosthetic let would allow the beneficiary increased social interaction within their community.
   2. The individual would hopefully get a sense of belonging and be able to do jobs within the community.
   3. Greater independence for the user.
   4. There is the possibility that the user might be ostracised by the community for cultural reasons.

Social - Impact of Manufacturing

1. In the early 21st century, the majority of mass-produced products were traditionally assembled by hand, on production lines. Low-skilled workers were employed to perform one process or assemble one part of a product on a conveyor system, before the part was sent to the next operative to perform the next step in the construction process. This provided mass employment, and jobs for life for a large portion of the population. Some advantages of a human workforce are:
   1. Adaptable: Quickly re-trainable when product requirements change,
   2. Initiative: Able to spot errors and alert relevant people quickly,
   3. Can usually respond well to unexpected situations (e.g. equipment malfunction, fire, etc),
   4. Cost: Low-cost to employ and provide basic training,
   5. Societal benefits: Provides local people with paid employment,
2. The disadvantages are
   1. Fallibility: Humans can fall ill, will require breaks, can quit suddenly and can’t work 24 hours a day.
   2. Accuracy: Each product will be slightly different on every product the person assembles, as humans will work inconsistently.
   3. Speed: Not as quick to work as an automated equivalent
   4. Eye for detail: Can make mistakes if distracted.
3. In the latter half of the 20th century, robotic production lines became increasingly common (/as seen in car manufacturing/). Some of the advantages of a robotic workforce are: -
   1. Quality: They are more accurate and consistent than a human,
   2. Productivity: They don’t take breaks, go sick or have holiday, can work 24 hours a day,
   3. Safety: Humans are moved away from dangerous processes, resulting in less injuries,
   4. Save money: Robots do not take a wage, need a pension and create less waste.
4. Some disadvantages are:
   1. Expense: They have to be purchased initially and require maintenance form highly qualified (and expensive) staff,
   2. Return on Investment: This can be long and the market may change, rendering machines redundant.
   3. Expertise: The workforce needs to ‘skill up’ to operate and maintain them, resulting in fewer overall jobs,
   4. Safety: They can injure personnel if not operated correctly.

Moral Issues

1. Moral issues need to considered by designers. Without proper safeguards in place, poorly designed products can potentially injure, or even kill.
2. For instance, a robotic arm in a car factory might be designed to move a car chassis from one area to the next. An arm such as this would need to be extremely powerful to carry that amount of weight, and if a human were to get in the way of it moving, this /could/ lead to serious injury.
3. The designers of the arm will need to demonstrate that they take every reasonable measure to make the arm as safe as possible. This could include:
   1. Training staff that they are not to go inside a marked area of the arm's operation.
   2. Ensuring the power is isolated when the arm is serviced.
   3. Fit sensors to detect any human coming into the operating area of the arm that will cut power if someone gets to close, and sound a siren.
   4. Fit microswitches to the sides of the arm, so that if it comes into contact with something unexpected, power is cut immediately.

1. 1. In the event of an accident (e.g. someone getting hit by the arm), although it may look as though it is the user’s fault, it could be argued that the design of the arm was partly to blame.
   2. As well as being sued for damages there is the added issue of bad publicity for the robotics company even if they are found innocent of any wrong doing. It is usually better for any company to prevent the tragedy occurring than win the legal battle following it.
   3. The manufacturer would receive bad publicity, resulting in a knock-on drop in sales for their business.

1. Using the example question above about 3D printers being given to developing countries to use for making prosthetic limbs, you might say...
   1. Being given a 3D printed limb may help individuals to lead as normal life as possible with use of the prosthetic.
   2. You could say that the safety of the user will be the responsibility of the designer.
   3. How the product will affect the individual’s life.
   4. There is a risk that the 3D printer could be used to print other objects (e.g. knives/guns).

Ethical Issues

1. Ethics are those moral standards which are determined by a group. E.g.
   1. Vegans would say that humans shouldn't eat meat. Others might not consider it to be a problem.
   2. Religions often have holy days (e.g. Sunday for Christians) - atheists would not.
   3. Before scientific studies can be undertaken, an ethics board will meet to discuss whether the particular study should proceed (e.g. to infect healthy people with low doses of Covid-19).
2. When responding to exam questions, you can often form your own response as more questions. Using the example question about 3D printing prosthetic limbs above, you might say...
   1. Who pays for the prosthetics and what should the cost be?
   2. Who pays to keep the machine up and running (new nozzles, motors, belts, etc)
   3. What is the product life span and who decides when it is changed?
   4. Who decides who is given one (and who isn't)?
   5. At what age should they be given a prosthetic or it be taken away?
   6. What physiotherapy training will they get when receiving a prosthetic?

Environmental and Sustainability Issues

1. Plastics are made using oil, which is a non-sustainable material, and not all of these can be easily recycled. If sent to landfill, plastics take hundreds of years to break down, which is harmful to the environment.
2. By creating products which use recyclable or bio-degradable materials such as PLA – a bio-degradable plastic made from corn-starch, wood or metal, the impact on the environment can be reduced. Reducing the amount of packaging can also assist.
3. Sustainability can be designed into products. Using a laptop as an example, by making it simple for the owner to replace parts (e.g. Hard Disk) that may wear out before the whole unit is scrap. Products can be created to have access panels and removable covers that can be safely opened / removed, to allow the user to replace parts safely (e.g. battery), and the manufacturer can provide clear instructions on how to replace these parts.
4. Spare parts could be designed to be easily identifiable, and made readily available to buy online, and they manufacturer could make certain parts fit many models (e.g. Memory) to make it simpler to stock and identify.
5. Finally, if the manufacturer reduced the regularity with which they change the design of their product (e.g. making a thinner design or new colour), the users would not feel the need to scrap their existing laptop before the end of its working life, just to trade up to a newer version.

Energy

1. In order to manufacture any product, energy is required, whether when sourcing materials, manufacturing, or distributing goods to consumers. This is typically electricity, which has to be generated before being sent to homes and factories. Electricity supplies are split into renewable and non-renewable sources.
2. Burning Coal/Gas: The traditional way of generating power, these are made from fossil fuels, and are in increasingly short supply. Burning these releases a large amount of CO2, which in turn adds to atmospheric pollution. At the same time, these are still relatively low-cost solutions.
3. Nuclear power: By using uranium, nuclear fission reactions can generate large amounts of power for many years from relatively little material. There are concerns about safety, following a number of International issues, which makes the public somewhat apprehensive about using them, and the waste material needs to be disposed of very carefully. This is also a non-renewable source.
4. Wind-power: By using turbines, clean energy can be created for “free” (after the initial energy required to create the turbine is offset). Unfortunately, wind is variable, and therefore unreliable as a sole source of energy.
5. Solar power: More effective in equatorial climates, photo-voltaic cells can be put on roofs in order to generate free electricity from the sun. Unfortunately, PV cells require considerable energy and resources to manufacture, and the sun does not shine all day long.
6. Geo-thermal: By digging a deep hole in the ground and using a heat-exchange pump, the heat from the core of the planet can be used to heat homes and businesses.

Recap - Practice Questions

1. Discuss the impact of introducing robotic assembly at a drill manufacturing company on the staff who work there.
2. Why do some companies move their manufacturing operations abroad?
3. A company wants to make a new, environmentally friendly range of kitchen equipment. Suggest two materials they could use to manufacture their products from.
4. Name two environmentally friendly power sources.
5. Name two non-renewable energy sources.

Past Paper Questions

June 2013, Q4

1. You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on this question. This question is about social, cultural, moral and environmental issues.
   1. A company is considering purchasing robots to manufacture their products. Explain an advantage and a disadvantage of using robots in manufacturing. (4 marks)
   2. A UK company is considering moving the manufacturing of its products to China. Explain the benefits for the company of manufacturing their products in China. (4 marks)
   3. A multinational company is using a production process that is legal to use in some countries but is considered too dangerous to be used legally in the UK. Discuss whether or not the company should use this production process in those countries where it is legal to do so. Give reasons for your answer. /(4 marks)/
   4. (d) Explain how manufacturers can design sustainability into a product. Give examples in your answer. You will be tested for quality of written communication in this part of the question. (8 marks)

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